A commonly prescribed group of medications used to treat acid reflux and heartburn may be linked to an increased risk of dementia, according to researchers studying the long-term effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). These medications, which include Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, and Pantoprazole, are generally recommended for short-term use. However, concerns have grown over possible side effects associated with taking them for extended periods.

A 2023 study examined data from 5,712 adults aged 45 to 64 who did not have dementia when the research began. About 26 percent of participants were using PPIs. After adjusting for factors such as age, sex, race, and existing health conditions, researchers found that people who used these medications long term were 33 percent more likely to develop dementia. Among 497 participants who had taken PPIs for around four and a half years, 58 later developed the condition.

Experts caution that the study found only an association and does not prove that PPIs directly cause dementia. Neurologist Dr. Kamakshi Lakshminarayan emphasized that further research is needed to better understand the relationship. One possible explanation involves vitamin B12 deficiency, which has been linked to memory problems and impaired thinking. Some studies suggest that long-term PPI use may reduce B12 levels, although this factor was not measured in the research.

Another theory focuses on amyloid, a protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Gregory Day of the Mayo Clinic explained that PPIs may affect enzymes involved in regulating amyloid levels in the brain. Despite these findings, experts strongly advise patients not to stop prescribed medications without consulting a healthcare professional, as doing so could worsen symptoms and affect treatment outcomes.